The Realities of Acid Rain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Realities of Acid Rain - Research Paper Example The more acidic the compound the more likely that deposits will result in damage to property and conditions dangerous for organic life forms. Natural rainfall has a pH of 7, but the further pH levels drop below that number the more potentially harmful it will be for the environment (Eubanks, p.240). The pH level present is directly associated with the presence of sulfate oxides (SOx), nitrate oxides (NOx), and the manner in which they dictate the release of hydrogen ions. Though neither oxide type contains hydrogen, they can act as an acid anhydride, wherein an acid is generated by chemical reaction subsequent to dissolution in water. The measure of the difference between the cumulative increases these oxides create in hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ionic content determines the pH level and thus the degree of acidity (Casiday & Frey, n.p.). Incidents of acid rain have been proven to have a direct relationship with the burning of fossil fuels, more specifically the burning o f coal as an energy source. A complicated substance, coal can have a dynamic configuration of elements and is largely used as fuel for the production of electricity in power plants. It is signified by an approximate chemical value of C135H96O9NS, though the actual concentration of each element varies according to the organic content present during the formation process (Eubanks, p.167). The variance in any given coal type determines the energy output of a coal type produced during combustion. While these attributes are affected by a myriad of conditions and components, there are certain characteristics which remain common to all coal types. For one thing, coal is a superior fuel type of wood due the incredibly high carbon concentration paired with low levels of oxygen and water. However, when used as fuel source, the rapid oxidation which occurs during combustion releases several pollutants into the atmosphere including nitrogen and sulfur oxides (Greenpeace.org, n.p.). The atmosphe re is composed of numerous compounds and elements in gaseous and particulate forms and when nitrogen and sulfur oxides are released as fossil fuel emissions they become integrated into the mixture and the natural processes and cycles therein. IN the water cycle water vapor present in the atmosphere interacts with other gases, particles, and form precipitations which is then deposited on the surface of the Earth and into the oceans. When excess sulfur oxides are introduced into the atmosphere, the sulfur oxides SO2 and SO3, which are measured in grams reacts with water vapor, measured in liters: SO2 + H2O ? H2SO3 SO3 + H2O ? H2SO4 This reaction ultimately results in the formation of sulfurous and sulfuric acids, respectively(Cassiday & Frey, n.p.). Nitrogen oxides require the presence of oxygen to create a chemical reaction as well as water vapor, the second most plentiful gaseous component of the atmosphere, the vapor and oxides having the same scale of measurement as during the pre vious formulas: 4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 ? 4 HNO3 This chemical reaction produces nitric acid. Though nitric, sulfurous, and sulfuric acids to do contain hydrogen, when introduced to water molecules (and oxygen as regards nitrogen oxides) they behave as acid anhydrates, stimulating the release of hydrogen and hydroxide ions which dictate the levels of acidity in any given liquid substance. Once these reactions have taken place, the new acidic compounds are distributed through acidic precipitation as rain, hail, or snow, and may also combine and be deposited on surfaces in particulate form. According to the level of acidity present in such deposits there is a decidedly negative effect on objects and organic life

Individual paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Individual paper - Essay Example In Brazil the owned subsidiary of Wal-Mart is known as Sam’s Club and the in Mexico it is known as Suburbia. Both the subsidiaries have different work cultures as they are situated in two different countries. I have got an opportunity from both Sam’s Club and Suburbia to join as a store’s manager. In the essay I have made a comparative analysis on both the company’s work culture to arrive at a decision for which option to choose. The essay also elaborates the facts about the two countries- Mexico and Brazil, like the living conditions, availability of transportation, cost of living and the multicultural competence in the two countries. 2. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is a multinational retail giant who has dedicated their work for the betterment of the lives of their customers all over the world. The retail giant has acquired many stores all over the world and has increased their assets so as to become the largest chain of departmental stores in the world. The two subsidiaries of Wal-Mart in Brazil and Mexico are Sam’s Club and Suburbia respectively. Sam’s Club in Brazil Sam’s Club is a club which offers membership to the customers and that sells goods to both retail customers and the business customers or the wholesalers. The club sells general merchandise and groceries to their customers in large quantities. The average size of the club is around 88,000 sq. feet. The customers who have not taken the membership of stores can either take membership for one day or pay a surcharge on the price of the products that are purchased. The club also sells gasoline to the customers. It has identified a niche market as a supplier to the small business which is not so well known. The club stores open at the early hours and it has the slogan of â€Å"We’re in Business for Small Business† (â€Å"About Us†). It has recorded the highest sales in 2007 which was $42 billion or 12.1% of total Wal-M art’s sales in 2007 (â€Å"About Us†). The operation of Sam’s Club in Brazil has remained the same over the years which is giving their customers the best quality goods and delivering the goods to them with minimum costs and giving them a very comfortable environment to shop. They have made shopping simple for the customers by bringing products at their door step. Rosalind G. Brewer, the CEO of Sam’s Club, has always focused on the innovation and technology and targeted in expanding their business by opening up new stores. The sustainability goals of Sam’s Club are the following: 1) 100% renewable energy 2) Creating zero waste. 3) Selling products that are sustainable to the environment and people (â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Sam’s Club even organize program like Giving Program to help the small owners of business by providing them with ideas of creating new business and development of vital products which will help them to connect with the c ommunity they are serving (â€Å"Giving Program†). The working culture at Sam’s Club is a unique one. It has the best team members who are all hard working. The departments like the marketing, logistics, finance and human resource are competent enough to make the whole business profitable. The employees are paid above the retail industry average salary. The employees were gives facilities like the medical assistance and also educational assistance for them and their children. Health care assistance is provided to them on an average of $17 dollar per day. The employees also enjoy attractive quarterly bonuses

Letter to Mayor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to Mayor - Assignment Example I believe that the escalating crime rate is primarily because of the social inequity both in terms of socio-economic disparity amongst the diverse social fabric and the increasing rate of dropout adolescent population. I would like to take up the cause of school dropouts who have been excluded from the mainstream population. 12 week pilot study would be undertaken in the Afro American community where adolescent population is more inclined to foray into the area of crime. The discontent of the youngsters and the government’s inability to understand the demands of the changing time has become the bane of the general public. The racial profiling has added to the woes of the black community who are increasingly getting marginalized. The program would primarily study the problem of the youth in the designated community and would involve them into developing action groups which would work towards developmental goals. The program would be carried out as follow: Help create ‘self help group’ within the communities that would form linkages with the local authority, media, education institutes and social workers to promote awareness regarding government initiatives to resolve the problems of the community and help them to integrate within the mainstream population. Involve adolescents in productive activities like skill development, theatre, environment conservation activities etc. and ensure that their contribution is publicly acknowledged. This would motivate them to become more proactive towards development issue and thereby help them to develop into responsible adult. The social problems have direct impact on the policing and the law. The growing numbers of juvenile delinquents are not merely law and order problem but the wider implications of such cases pose serious threat to the future of the state itself. The need to create congenial environment to understand the problems of the youth has become the need of the hour. It is imperative that all the agencies

Truman Capote Essay Example for Free

Truman Capote Essay Capote, the 2005 movie directed by Bennett Miller, starring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Catherine Keener, Clifton Collins, Jr., Chris Cooper and Bruce Greenwood, is the story of the making of Truman Capote’s 1966 non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood. Hoffman, playing Capote as a fish-out-of-water, a mincing homosexual researching his opus in a small Kansas town in 1959, shares screen time with Keener’s Harper Lee, a childhood friend of the author. The true story of how Capote researched his book is not as compelling as the story he actually wrote. Keener, playing Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird makes a more interesting figure and the viewer sometimes wonders why the movie isn’t about her and the making of her own opus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keener, as Lee, is the key to Capote being able to access the rural people of the little Kansas town. They are amused by, and wary of the little man with the lisp and extravagant dress. It is she who opens the doors for him and permits the work to be researched. Hoffman, as Capote, is technically on the mark, but his portrayal is still that of a hollow man. The audience is supposed to feel empathy for this tragic individual but there is little compassionate or passionate about him. The tragedy of the story is, in reality, the Kansas farm family who was slaughtered like animals by the socio-paths who will be exploited by Capote. The audience is supposed to care that the soulless sophisticated and dapper homosexual is attracted to the cold-blooded killer, and, most likely, is in love with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The film is bleak and also runs out of steam by midpoint. The acting is good but the subject is borderline disgusting. Capote exploited the community and the slain family.   The film version of the actual Capote work, In Cold Blood, is a much better movie.

Properties of Cytosinium Hydrogen Selenite

Properties of Cytosinium Hydrogen Selenite Growth, Optical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cytosinium hydrogen selenite: A Novel Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal P. Jaikumar, S. Sathiskumar, T. Balakrishnan  and K. Ramamurthi Abstract A novel nonlinear optical single crystal of cytosinium hydrogen selenite was successfully grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The unit cell parameters of the grown crystal were estimated by single crystal X- ray diffraction analysis. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X- ray technique. Presence of various functional groups was identified from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical transmittance and absorbance spectra recorded for the grown crystal show that the crystal possesses good transparency in the entire visible region. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were calculated for the grown crystal as a function of frequency at different temperatures. Etching study of the grown cytosinium hydrogen selenite crystal was carried out with different etching time. Keywords: Crystal growth; Optical properties; Mechanical properties; Dielectric constant, second harmonic generation efficiency *Corresponding author Tel.: +91 9443445535 E Mail addresses: [emailprotected] (T. Balakrishnan). 1.Introduction In the past few decades, a myriad of efforts has been made in the design and characterization of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials due to their excellent properties and important applications in the field of laser technology, telecommunication, optoelectronic and photonic applications [1-2]. A large number of various organic and semiorganic NLO materials were synthesized and characterized. Cytosine is one of the pyrimidine derivatives consists of heterocyclic compound along with aromatic amine and keto groups [3-4]. Cytosine plays an important role in DNA/RNA base pairing, through several hydrogen-bonding pattern, and controls the essential features of life as it is involved in genetic codon of 17 amino acids [5]. The single crystal structure of anhydrous cytosine [6] and cytosine monohydrate [7] was reported. Tu Lee and and Pu Yun Wang [8] reported the molecular recognition of an achiral cytosine with oxalic acid, malonic acid and succinic acid. Babulal Das and Baruah [9] reported t he hydrogen bonded single crystals of cytosine with adipic acid and citric acid. Reji Thomas and Kulkarni [10] studied the hydrogen bonding in proton transfer complexes of cytosine with trimesic acid and pyromellitic acid. Single crystal structure of metal complexes of cytosine with cobalt chloride [11], copper chloride [12] and calcium chloride [13] were reported. The single crystal structure of cytosinium hydrogen selenite (CHS) was reported by Radhwane Takouachet et al. [14]. A survey of literature shows no systematic works available on the growth of cytosinium hydrogen selenite single crystal and its characterization. Hence in this work we report on the synthesis and growth of CHS single crystal and characterization of the grown crystal for its structural, optical, nonlinear optical, dielectric, thermal and etching properties for the first time. 2. Experimental details 2.1 Synthesis Aqua solution of CHS was prepared from equimolar amounts of AR grade cytosine and selenous acid (E Merck). The reactants were thoroughly dissolved in doubly distilled water and stirred well for about three hours using temperature controlled magnetic stirrer to obtain a homogeneous mixture of solution. Evaporation of the prepared solution at room temperature yielded the product of CHS. Successive re-crystallization process was adapted to improve the purity of the synthesized CHS. 2.2 Crystal Growth Saturated solution of CHS was prepared at room temperature using recrystallized salt in double distilled water and filtered using Whatman filter paper. The filtered solution was taken in a fresh beaker closed with perforated polythene sheet and kept in a dust free atmosphere for crystallization. Slow evaporation method yielded single crystals of size 4 Ãâ€" 2 Ãâ€" 2 mm3 and were harvested in a period of 15 days. The grown CHS crystals are shown in Fig.1. Fig.1. As grown CHS crystals 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 X-ray diffraction studies The grown single crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at room temperature using Enraf Nonius CAD4 X – ray diffractometer with Mo KÃŽ ± (ÃŽ » = 0.7107Ã…) radiation to estimate the unit cell parameters. Single crystal structure studies show that CHS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with a non centrosymmetric space group PCa21. The unit cell parameters obtained are a = 7.024 Ã… (7.005 Ã…), b = 8.661 Ã… (8.634 Ã…), c = 12.741 Ã… (12.713 Ã…) and V= 771 Ã…3 (768 Ã… 3 ) and these values agree well with the corresponding values reported by Radhwane Takouachet et al. [14] given in parenthesis. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the CHS crystal was recorded on Reich Seifert diffractometer using Cu KÃŽ ± (ÃŽ » = 1.5418 Ã…) radiation. The powdered sample was scanned over a 2ÃŽ ¸ range 10 ° 80 ° at a scan rate of 1 °/min. The recorded powder X ray diffraction peaks were indexed using AUTOX 93 software. The indexed powder X ray diffraction peaks of CHS are shown in Fig.2. Fig.2. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of CHS 3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral analysis. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis of CHS crystal was carried out in the range of 400 – 4000 cm-1 using Perkin Elmer FT – IR spectrometer by the KBr pellet method to study the presence of various functional groups. The recorded FT-IR spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. In the higher energy region, the peak appears at 3316 cm-1 is assigned to NH2 asymmetric stretching vibration. The peak at 3218 cm-1 is assigned to the frequency of NH2 symmetric stretching vibration. The intense peak at 1727 cm-1 establishes the presence of C = O stretching vibration. The NH2 in plane deformation vibration mode appears at 1644 cm-1. The C – N – H and C = C stretching vibrations are observed at 1497 cm-1 and 1368 cm-1 respectively. The peak at 1237 cm-1 occurs due to C – N stretching vibration. The strong band observed at 821 cm-1, 631 cm-1 and 428 cm-1 are due to the Se O stretching vibration [15]. The observed wave numbers and the assignments are presented in Table 1. Fig.3. FT – IR spectrum of CHS Table 1. Tentative band assignment of FT IR spectra for CSA single crystals 3.3. UV Vis NIR Spectral analysis The UV – Vis – NIR spectrum gives information about the changes in electronic structure of the molecule because the absorption of UV and visible light involves promotion of the electrons from the ground state to higher energy states. The UV – Vis – NIR transmittance and absorbance spectrum was recorded in the wavelength range of 190 – 1100 nm using Varian Cary 5E spectrophotometer. The UV transmittance and absorbance spectrum recorded for CHS of thickness 2mm is shown in Fig. 4. As there is no absorption in the entire UV – Vis – NIR, it can be used as potential material for frequency doubling process. The lower cutoff wavelength is observed at 290 nm. From the transmittance spectra optical parameters like absorption coefficient ÃŽ ± and band gap were evaluated. The absorption coefficient (ÃŽ ±) was evaluated from the equation ÃŽ ± = 2.303 A/t, where t is the thickness and A is the absorbance of the crystal. The direct band gap was dete rmined by fitting the absorption data to the equation ÃŽ ±hÑ µ = B (ÃŽ ±hÑ µ hÑ µ)1/2 in which hÑ µ is the photon energy and B is the constant related to material. A plot of variation of hÏ… versus (ÃŽ ±hÏ…)2 was drawn in Fig. 5 and the optical band gap (Eg) was obtained by extrapolating the linear part of the graph to X – axis. This gives a band gap value of 5.1 eV for CHS crystal. Fig.4. UV – Vis – NIR transmittance and absorbance spectrum of CHS single crystal Fig.5. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 versus hÃŽ ½ for CHS single crystal 3.4. Dielectric studies The dielectric constant of a material gives information about the nature of atoms, ions and their bonding in the material. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the CHS crystals were studied at three different temperatures using a HIOKI 3532 LCR HITESTER instrument in the frequency range 50 Hz 2 MHz. Cut and polished crystal of dimension 1cm x 1cm x 2mm was used for dielectric study. A two terminal copper electrode was used as a sample holder and the sample was held between the electrodes. The temperature of the sample was controlled and measured using a thermocouple. The thermocouple was fixed in the vicinity of lower electrode to measure the temperature of the sample. In this way a parallel plate capacitor was formed. The capacitance of the sample was measured by varying the frequency. The dielectric constant (ɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹) in the frequency range 50 Hz 2 MHz was estimated at the temperature 32, 50 and 75  °C using the formula ɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¹ = Cd/(Éâ⠂¬ º0A), where C is the capacitance of the crystal, d is the thickness of the crystal, A is the cross sectional area of the crystal and Ɇº0 is the constant of permittivity of free space. The variation of the dielectric constant with log frequency at different temperature is shown in Fig. 6. It is found that dielectric constant has high values in the lower frequency region and then it decreases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant of a material is composed of four contributions namely electronic, ionic, orientation and space charge polarizations. The high value of dielectric constant at low frequencies may be due to the presence of all the four polarizations and its low value at high frequencies may be due to the loss of significance of these polarizations gradually [16, 17]. It was observed from the graph that the dielectric constant of CHS exhibits a normal dielectric behaviour. Fig. 7 shows the exponential decrease of dielectric loss of CHS as a function o f frequency. Fig.6. Variation of dielectric constant with log frequency at various temperatures Fig . 7. Variation of dielectric loss with log frequency at various temperatures 3.5Microhardness study Microhardness measurement is a general microprose technique for assessing the bond strength, apart from being a measure of bulk strength. The hardness value correlated with other mechanical properties like elastic constants, yield strength, brittleness index and temperature of cracking. Microhardness measurements were carried at room temperature using Shimadzu HMV-2000 hardness tester fitted with a Vickers pyramid diamond. The load P is varied between 25g to 100g, and the indentation time is kept constant at 10s for all trails. The diagonal lengths of indentation were measured. The hardness of the material Hv is determined by the following relation. Hv = 1.8544 P /d2 (Kg/mm2) Fig.8 Microhardness values vs. load for CHS crystal Where P is the applied load in Kg and d is the diagonal length of the impression in mm. The variation of hardness value and applied load is shown in Fig.8. The graph was plotted for log P versus log d is shown in Fig.9. The plot of log P versus log d yields a straight line and its slope gives the work hardening coefficient n. The value of n is found to be 5 for CHS crystal. Since the value of n is greater than 2, the hardness of the material is found increase with the increase of load. It confirms the prediction of Onitsch and also the reverse indentation size effect (RISE) [18 19]. Fig.9. log P vs. log d for CHS crystal 3.5. Thermal analysis The thermo gravimetric ( TG ), differential thermal ( DT ) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were carried out using SDT Q600 v20.9 Build 20 for CHS sample weight of 7.9970 mg in the temperature range 25 to 500  °C at a heating rate of 10 ° C / min in nitrogen gas atmosphere. A small weight loss of 17.2 % observed in the range of 25 ° C 150 ° C, which is assigned to the loss of selenous acid. There is a major weight loss of 69.5 % in the temperature range 150 ° C 460 ° C. The second step of weight loss is attributed to the decomposition of cytosine molecules. The DTA trace illustrates two endothermic peak each at, 66.55 ° C and 167.47 ° C. The endotherms coincide with the weight losses shown in Fig.10 Fig. 10 TG/DTA and DSC trace of CHS single crystal 3.7. Etching studies The chemical etching studies were carried out on the grown CHS crystal using polarized high resolution optical microscope fitted with Motic camera. Etching is an important tool for the identification of the crystal defects, such as growth hillocks, etch pits, grain boundaries on the crystal surface and micro structural imperfections of the grown crystal. Double distilled water was used as etchant. The photographs of the etch patterns are shown in Fig. 11a and Fig. 11b. When the etch time is 5s, which is shows less etch pits formed in the grown crystal surface. Etching study is made on the grown CHS single crystal with different etching time and when the etching time is increased, there is a major change observed in the morphology of the etch pits (with 10s). Fig. 9a. Etching study on CHS crystal (etch time of 5s) Fig. 9b Etching study on CHS crystal (etch time of 10s) 3.8. Second harmonic generation efficiency The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown crystal was measured by using the Kurtz powder technique [20]. The fundamental beam of 1064 nm from Q-switched Nd:YAG laser ( Prolab 170 Quanta ray, pulse width 8 ns, repetition rate 10 Hz) was made to fall normally on the CHS crystalline powder densely packed in a capillary tube. The fundamental beam was filtered using an IR filter and the green radiation of 532 nm was collected by Photo multiplier tube (PMT-Philips photonics – model 8563). The optical signal incident on the PMT was converted into voltage output at the CRO (Tektronix – TDS 3052B). The input laser energy incident on the powdered sample was chosen to be 6.1mJ/pulse. A pure potassium dihydrogen Phosphate powdered sample of the same size of CHS (KDP) was used as the reference material and the result obtained for CHS shows a second harmonic generation efficiency of about 1.5 times that of KDP. 4. Conclusion Slow evaporation technique at room temperature yielded CHS single crystals of 4 Ãâ€" 2 Ãâ€" 2 mm3 . The single crystal X – ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with a non centrosymmetric space group of PCa21. The crystallinity of the grown crystal was verified by powder X – ray diffraction analysis. Presence of various functional groups of CHS crystals was identified by FT – IR spectral studies. From the UV – Vis – NIR transmittance spectrum we found that the material has no absorption in the range of 210 1100 nm, thus confirming the suitability of CHS crystal for SHG application. The dielectric study reveals that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency at different temperatures. TG/DTA reveals that the compound is stable at room temperature and decomposes on increasing the temperature. Etching study is made on the surface of the grown crystal with different etchi ng time and when the etching time is increased, there is no change in the morphology of the etch pits. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal was measured by Kurtz powder technique and is 1.5 times that of KDP. References [1]. Hideko Koshima, Hironori I Miyamoto, I chizo Yagi, Kohei U osaki, Cryst. Growth and Design 4 (2004) 807 – 811. [2]. K. Bouchouit, Z., B. Derkowska, S. Abed, N. Bnali-Cherif, M. Bakasse, B. Sahraoui, J. Optics Communications, 278 (2007) 180-186. [3]. J. D. Watson, F.H. Crick, Nature, 171(1953) 737-738. [4]. Balasubramanian Sridhar, Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu, Krishnan Ravikumar Cryst. Eng. Comm., 14 (2012) 7065-7074. [5]. G. Portalone, M. Colapietro, J. Chem. Crystallogr. 39 (2009) 193-200. [6]. David L. Barker, Richard E. Marsh, Acta Cryst. 17, (1964) 1581-1587. [7]. G.A.Jeffery, Y.Kinoshita, Y. Acta. Cryst. 16, (1963) 20-38. [8]. Tu Lee, Pu Yun Wang, Cryst. Growth Des. 10 (2010) 1419 1434. [9]. Babulal Das, Jubaraj B. Baruah, J. Molecular Structure 1001, (2011) 134-138. [10]. Reji Thomas, G. U. Kulkarni J. Molecular Structure 873 (2008) 160 167. [11]. D. Trani Qui, M. Bagieu A. Acta. Cryst C46 (1990) 1645-1647. [12]. D. Trani Qui, E. Palacios Acta. Cryst C46 (1990) 1220-1223. [13]. Keizo ogawa, Miyoko Kumihashi, Ken-ichi tomita, Acta. Cryst B36 (1980) 1793-1797. [14]. Radhwane Takouachet, Rim Benali Cherif, Nourredine Benali Cherif, Acta Cryst. E70 (2014) o186 – o187. [15]. K. Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman spectra of Inorganic and Coordination compounds,  Wiley, New York, 1978 [16]. T. Balakrishnan, G. Bhagavanarayanan and K. Ramamurthi, Spectrochim. Acta part A 71 (2008) 578 – 583. [17]. K. V. Rao and A. Smakula, J. App. Phys. 37 (1996) 317 – 322. [18]. K. Sangwal, Mater. Chem. Phys. 63 (2000) 145 152. [19]. Mott. B. W. Micro indentation Hardness Testing: Butterworths, London, 1956. [20]. S. K. Kurtz and T. T. Perry, J. Appl. Phys. 39 (1968) 3798.

Marketing Strategy for Print Media

Marketing Strategy for Print Media 1. Introduction and Background About print media it is said that action people do in their daily lives, their sayings and the style adopted by them to say something is actually directly influenced and affected by their readership activity of news paper, whatever they read in the newspaper and see, it affects their actions. And this would be very true to say that print media was and is the major factor in developing and promoting the popular culture, few years back book reading was a very popular activity and was a very influential source for educating people. If we analyze in the recent history of media, it would be very difficult for us to ignore the importance and impact of the print media in peoples lives. Media is basically categorized in two famous segments named as print media and electronic media, electronic media is the one using electromechanical energy to give access for its contents to customer or target group, initially it was in the form of audio, video, multimedia presentation and CD ROM etc. now wit h passage of time becoming more advance in the form or more digital. Now the static one which is mainly print media, and this also very often use electronics to produce the contents but actually do not use electronics to be delivered to the end user or customer. News papers are actually customary publications of the contents like news, advertisements and entertainments etc. The total number of daily news papers around the world in 2007 was 6580,and about 395 million copies daily had been delivering at that time, but after global financial recession of 2008 a very significant decrease in the circulation of news papers and advertisements was seen. Global recession was not the only factor, a rapid growth in digital media and online alternatives to print media are also the root cause for this decline. And how come it is possible for us to ignore print media as it has contributed a lot to update the people about news and without any doubt it has the power to change the trend or to make the trends like fashion, food and other cultural programs. In this marketing project I have tried to establish that what is going to happen with print media in the future, which was and is a very powerful source for providing knowledge and to keep them up to date about what is happening in the world. And off course this is very unfortunate that print media in the current date is going towards decline at a high rate, a lot of reasons are there which have made the situation of print media like where it stands today. In this report I have tried to establish from different school of thoughts the future of print media, and their perspectives are mentioned about reasons that print media is suffering today, and what are the possible solutions and strategies print media can adopt to come out of this situatio n. 1.1 Case Study over Berlingske newspaper As a case study I have chosen Danish daily news paper Berlingske which is owned by a largest news publishing group Berlingske media. Among many other brands berlingske daily news paper is also a product of Berlingske media,1749 was the year when the foundation of Berlingske media were laid down, and at that time it was published for the first time. The history of Berlingske Media has a long story of success, and truly they are proud of it and have a big influence from the level of nationwide to local level titles. In 2011 the group has reached to the age of 261 years, and from Jutland to Sealand group is well-known, and group has its headquarter in the center of Copenhagen. Until the date group has the 2850 employees working for it, 1100 out of them employed in the head office. Today after a long struggle Berlingske media is now able to deliver the contents for web, radio, web-TV and print etc. Berlingske media has successfully produced very famous brands; some of them are Berlingske, B.T, ErhvervsBladet.dk, Urban, Dagbladet, Holstebro, Folkebladet and etc.Berlingske media today is in the position that they are producing and publishing 11 daily news papers national and regional, and about 47 local weeklies. Along with this group is also publishing one free news paper, one weekly newspaper and one weekly magazine. Berlingske media has developed more than 60 websites, and have the opportunity of web services, they are also owner of one web shop and are currently having five mobile sites. About 200 Medias are working in the country under the group. Activities of Berlingske media are not limited only to the extent of producing and publishing but also it has produced its own press and has the facilities of printing and afterwards has the services of distribution . Total revenue generated as a result of these activities was 3583 m DKK in 2007. So this is not very strange to say that group has created a capacity for reaching up to 2.5 million Danes every week, this is a brief introduction and history about the Berlingske media group but important to mention here is that further in the report focus will be particularly on the Berlingske news paper which is truly one of the famous brand of Berlingske media. 2 Problem Definition and Objectives 2.1 Aims and Objectives To establish the opinions about future of print media from different school of thoughts, and to identify what changes in the strategies might change the situation. Aims of this report basically are mainly two, firstly to highlight the current situation of the print media and its future, secondly to some extent identifying the benefits and some possible successful strategies which might change the situation for print media. As it is already mentioned that as a case study Berlingske daily news paper has been chosen, so the main objective of this report is to purpose a possible marketing strategy for print media of Berlingske, so that it can be able to maintain its competitive advantage and leadership. 2.2 Research Question At the quite initial stage prior to this research project in a session we were asked by our supervisor Andreas to work together in group for the selection of the research topic, so all the instruction that were taught to generate the ideas and then turning the ideas into research question and objectives has been taken into considerations. For instance in the capability section it is mentioned that access to data is would be easy or not, as the author is an employee of a distribution company which delivers paid newspaper at night. So it was not a complicated matter for making a survey to get the data. So in the light of individual advice session with supervisor and theoretical work I have made my research question or the problem statement as follows. 2.3 Problem statement What would be the future marketing strategy of Berlingske newspaper to sustain itself in the presence of electronic media? 3 Conceptual framework 3.1 Literature Review After the World War (ii) like many other countries in Denmark news papers declined rapidly but particularly in the recent years the ratio was too high to decline and that is from 1,600,000 per day circulation to 1,130,000.Among almost 32 daily news papers Berlingske news paper is most prominent figure in the context of newspaper circulation. Berlingske media which is owned by a UK based Mecom Group plc has maintained its position in the industry after having different activities of mergers and alliances with other newspaper companies. Decline can be significantly analyzed as in 1993 74 percent of the mature population is been reading one newspaper daily, it decreased in 2006 to 72.5 and in 2008 it was 68.9 percent(Jauert, 2010). Danish daily news papers had a very sever war for the advertising revenue in the past, which resulted in the loss of revenue for many companies as they trapped in the competition and tried to lower down the prices and finally got a big loss. In 1995 Danish newspaper were sharing 35 percent of the overall advertising market which was in came down in 2005 with 27 percent and in 2008 it became 19 percent. And this situation developed because of the main route cause of internet advertisement (Jauert, 2010). As a solution to the problem Berlingske media now changed the strategy and started to publish two of the free new newspapers, and the loss for publication of these two was about 1 million DKK every day. They also had been affected by the major pronlem of the distribution for these papers, and many of the free news papers could not survive because of the decreasing revenue from advertisements and also because of having great difficulties and cost problem in distribution. A common distribution company was founded by â€Å"MetroXpree† and â€Å"24Timer† in 2007 (Jauert, 2010). Here its important to mention that in regards to paid news papers Berlingske here adopted the proactive strategy or in other words strategy is called first mover advantage,the cocept is presented by Vaccaro (2009) who mentioned two strategies,one is called proactive or assertive and the second is described as reactive or defensive approach,the difference between these two is the implementation of the strategy according to the changes happening around in the environment. Second one becomes activate when changes in the form of threat or opppurtunity already occurred, but in the proactive approach company has to be active before some thing from the external environment happened. So talking about Berlingske media it is very clear that they preferred the proactive approach as free launching of news paper Urban represents their activity. Then another free news paper comes in the market called Urban which is product of Berlingske Media, and statistics revealed by Dansk Oplagskontrol(Danish Bureau of Circulation) of 2008 showed that 15 weekly and 49 monthly magazines were there in the market, and according to Jauert weekly magazines were distributed in 1.8 million copies in 2008 whereas in the same year 1.140 monthly magazines were distributed. But this ratio has continnuosly been decreasing and as a result in 2006 it was 1.6 million for weeklies and 1.3 for monthlies and further in 2008 it became 1.4 million for weeklies and 1.3 million for monthlies and quarterlies (Jauert, 2010). It is now very clear that and also its been proven that print media is not off course dying but on the other hand growing worldwide, there is no doubt that digital world has captured most of the media and this is said to be their age but even in this situation print can not be avoided. The print media market now started offering a variety of product and is mainly divided into two broad categories which are respectively commercial printing and periodicals. Commercial printing is often used on some occasions context for example making of broachers and cards etc. but the periodical printing includes the products in the routine like newspaper circulation and magazines etc. (Kipphan, 2001) Today the business publishers are having a very bad advertising sales and the economy in many recent years could not contribute to the publishers, so to achieve the success in this digital era it is very important for publishers to come with variety of products and services, so they can fulfill the demand of the reader as well as of advertisers. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print,2004). Recently a new terminology has been introduced about the integrated media and marketing models, but to make this new model on the way of success and for the purpose of implementation it will obviously be a need of skilled and broad minded people. The fact of the matter is that there are off course some problems which readers and publishers face when using print publications, for readers the problem is that they can not be well addressed to the information they want acquire, from advertiser point of view after having a campaign for anything it is not possible to measure the affect. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print,2004). But in this kind of circumstances would it be possible to for print publishers to make a solution to the problem, and the answer is yes, off course they can have the opportunity of zero based assessment where they can understand to what extent their information structure is dependent on the print and advertising and what strategies can be adopted to align them in current market place. Not only this they also have a big advantage of technology to use for the progress on integrated media and marketing. Today technology became so fast that publishers can be able to control all medias by using an integrated platform. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print, 2004). To achieve the success in the current date it is of vital importance for the publishers to make a shift, change is now necessary expertise are required to bring that change, it would be considered that what is demand of people how they want to acquire the information. Time is changed today, old models and theories are no longer very fruitful and now according to the changing environment many publishing companies have their websites to meet the competitive edge, as they are offering related services through these website but important point is to consider all this as an initiative. Internet features must be used for the purpose of distribution and other stages of the traditional publications. (Jim Kilmetis, selling communications Inc, Future of Print, 2004). 3.2 Other Concepts from Related Work Here another perspective comes from Schibsted, a Norwegian news paper, this is said about it that if they would like to greet anyone visiting them, it is hand operated printing press which was actually bought by the founder of this group Christian Schibsted in 1856.This was initially established for only the purpose of printing, mean printing for others, but later on it started to make its own publishing, now the point which is to be noted that there is no doubt that the company did not compromise for presenting their machine as a proud for them, but even then this is also the fact of the matter that they are now trying to run away from the print. As they got a loss in having activities in the print publications, And like many others they also adopted the policy for being online and got 35 percent of the operating profit after activating online activities. (The Economist, 2006) The news paper industry after the success news of Schibsteds started to join their footsteps, as industry was declining day by day, but this successful experiment of being online by Schibsteds changed the environment to a great extent. Schibsteds actually developed a web site for their established news paper industry and also many others like Sesam a search engine comparable with Google etc. But if talking about the news paper industry particularly then the situation is very alarming that even Schibsteds seemed like hopeless. (The Economist, 2006) Ron Miller suggests that if we analyze and compare the situation in the context that in the past if we wanted to establish a set up for the news publication or for the magazine production, that was clearly meant to have a good resources and wealth to do that, he mentioned that in the past news paper industry had been relied very much to make the news paper available for us, and they got a lot of benefit out of this. But today the situation is changed totally. (Miller, 2009) Miller further describes the situation in the way that today it became very easy for any kind of content publications to deliver it online. There is no need of big staff and large set up like a factory process to achieve this, not only this it is very obvious that ad dollars is moved to internet now. And now this is happening in a very speedy process that now we get the news right after it occurred. So due to these circumstances now the situation is happened to be like that newspaper industry failed very badly. Considering the 2009 statistics of FOLIO 279 magazines were closed, and only 77 became possible to launch,105 newspapers were closed in the start of 2009.This is not the case only with the small business of newspaper industry, it happened with large companies as well, for instance New York Times is rapidly declining towards destruction and has come to the level that they now considering to sale their Manhattan headquarters. (Miller, 2009) Dan Haight described a particular segment of advertisement that advertisers became very smart today, as they dont hesitate to adopt any kind of medium to reach their consumer. He feels that this is very possible that advertisers will used to go at the door steps of their consumer and ask for the consumption in very near future. Further He described the situation about the future of print media that it has to focus on the advertising, Haight believes that in future off course print is going to play an important role, the only need is that print media should be able to carry the messages from the advertisers and at the same time advertisers would have to keep in mind that they advertise exactly what consumers demand is and at the appropriate time when consumer really want to consume this. Because as technology becoming advance day by day, the consumers are getting more empowered so in this situation there are almost no chance for advertisers to make any mistake or error. (Haight, 2005) According to Gene Gable the defenders or the supporters of print media are always been arguing that print media due to its nature of giving the impression of touch will not lose its position with other medias of digital world.Defenders of print media said that you can take the news paper with you into bathroom,but at the same time from other side very comprehensive answer comes that off course is true what is been argued by supporters but what about the new generation who is coming with the digital world. And after analyzing different surveys and statistics here Gable describes the situation about the current existence of ours, according to him the situation of print media decline is more sever among the kids and in the age group of 65, He further explains that may be they are very much used to for the internet, they buy a very few news paper today. (Gable, 2007) Gable also mentioned that predictions of Dire publications about the sever decline of news paper industry were quite true as many of the analysts showed that this situation can be even worst. In America the decline in the newspaper industry circulation was 2.8 percent daily and 3.4 percent on Sunday, if talking internationally the trend is also downward as in the biggest newspaper industry of China the revenue by ad decreased by 15 percent and also the ratio of newspaper readers decreased very much about 1.3 percent since 2003 and it was said by government that industry is entered an ice-age. The case with the developed and established industries is also not very much satisfactory, as in Germany the ratio of circulation declined by 9.35 percent, in France by 5.7 percent ,Italy 4.49 percent, Netherlands 11.13 percent, Denmark 11.5 percent and the united kingdom 12.5 percent. (Gable, 2007) In another article by Ron Miller suggested that with passage of time media companies are caught up with recent changes that are brought by internet. Ron believes that if old media companies do not update themselves with these changes of recent history, they will become late in the game as this is very obvious that these rapid changes and the internet enabled media knows better delivery channel than old media. According to Miller problem actually occurs when old media companies treat the new digital world as a different thing to them, they separate internet from their traditional media. But author believes that this is wrong mindset as according to him they can open new horizons of success if they work together. He made his case strong by giving two examples; one of Greyson Chance who uploaded a song by playing a piano, other one is of Dave Carroll who also made a YouTube video of his song â€Å"United Breaks Guitars†. In both cases author describes that when were being picked up by the print publishers and TV, their views turned in millions, finally Miller concludes that if the old companies want to be on the path of success then it is vital for them to understand the different ways for combining with digital delivery channels (Miller, 2010). 3.3 SWOT Analysis To reshape a strategy for any company or to make a totally changed new one, it is very important to understand about the capabilities required to achieve the goal.SWOT analysis actually tells us about the health of a company and that where do it exist, this cannot be used to plan a new strategy or to give the solution for any existing deficiency in the organization. SWOT analysis is quite helpful in identification of problem area so it became easy for the people in management to take the decision accordingly. SWOT analysis consist of four parts to make an analysis of adopted strategy of any company, and to make this analysis successful and objective, this is required that company dont hesitate to be a critic of its own. And adaptation of such an analysis might lead the company to understand the areas where they are powerful and so they can emphasize on these areas to utilize the opportunities they can have. SWOT stand for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Two of them are the internal to the company, strengths and weaknesses is actually a measurement of where company does exist currently, whereas opportunities and threats are the external factor to company, after this stage of identifying and examining the both factors, then companies might be able to analyze them to make a balance between these factors. Strength of a company is very important to identify as it might be possible that company could not realize that what is they are good at, which is actually their strength, what are the key factors making company on the way of progress. Similarly the weakness is an area of the company where company is not performing well, it is important in this regard that sometimes misinterpretations of the things might lead a company toward a problem, misinterpretation means that something which was really important to the company but perceived as less important and could not be focused. But opportunities are some external factors happened in the environment that becomes favorable to your business, these factors extra ordinarily affect the business strengths, weaknesses, and threats and are helpful to improve the business. Threats are the external conditions that are not in favor of business of company, while doing business it is not very unusual that business face different threats, theses might o ccur at any time. Now by keeping all this into considerations Berlingske news paper is been analyzed to have an understanding of its current performance and capabilities, so talking about the strengths first it has been analyzed that since the Belingske news paper and media is the largest and oldest in Denmark so it has developed a strong customer base, as with the use of new technologies and strategies now capable for reaching about 2.5 million Danes every week. News paper has developed a strong relationship with their customers by fulfilling the demands of their customer. Berlingske has been considering the customer relationship mangment strategy to build the long term loyal relationship. Another strength of Berlingske is demand of its print publication from a specific segment of its customers,these are educated people and have the know how of business and also people from elite class,as their demand for the print publication in spite of all the revolution in technology and digital online media can not be decreased.so this demand for the print publication is increasing as a strength of Berlingske news paper. Also Berlingske has strong infrastructure, as it is already mentioned in the introduction of case study part that Berlingske management owns aroung 200 medias, and 11 dailies and similarly magazines and weekly newspaper, so it has proven that they have the right capabilities to manage all this, and due to best practice of CRM strategy implementation they have the strength of direct interaction with their customers and changing the policies accordingly. Berlingske news paper is today after a long struggle is recognized in all over Denmark and now Berlingske is name of brand. And recognition of the brand is a very powerful strength for any company, because some times for the purpose of making balance in some hard times, brand name can be used to adopt a different strategy to generate revenue by new ways. Weaknesses for Berlingske print publication is mainly like many other print publications that with changing environment of the digital world,print is seemed to be as outdated technology, along with this in the long journey of Berlingske, it has been under many different leaderships, and as every new management would have its own goals and priorities. So talking about the opportunities of Berlingske it is vital to mention that with the revolution in the online technology and digital media there are many positive outcomes for Berlingske print publication, first of all now with advancement in the technology it became easy and also very cheap for direct marketing with the customers, as it has been mentioned in case study part that berlingke group has developed more than 60 web sites,so to get a subscription for any willing customer it became very easy to do that just with click of mouse. So due to this more and more customers are being attracted. Also because of the advancement in technology and the use of computer has made Berlingske to produce their contents with a less investment or in other words cost is decreased to produce and deliver the content to the end user, and because of technology enabled factors bugdt with out any doubt is increased, that is a necessary element to maintain the competitive advantage for Berlingske. Regarding the threat one thing which I feel is necessary to mention that there was an opinion from one anayist that income which print publications have some times beomes equal to the cost for collecting news and other contents and then circulating and publishing them to the customers. So the actual revenue generator for print publications is advertisement dollar. So in the case of Berlingske this is also a threat that as advertisers now in this date increasingly prefer the online medium, so day by day this segment of decreasing advertisement is a biggest threat For Berlingske. 4 Research Methodology My project is a research based project. So I have to use some research approaches and methods or techniques to carry out this project. For this purpose I studied some books related to this topic. From these books I got the guidelines about how a research is conducted. First I would like to explain what is a research? Research is a systematic way to investigate the solutions of the problems. Research is not a single step but it is a brainstorming. It involves multiple steps that the researchers have to follow to conduct their research. I have also planned to follow the same research process to respond the research questions effectively. Through this process I was able to collect the data and then performed analysis based on that data. To get better understanding, research process is shown in the following figure. After exploring different research methodologies and techniques, I have made plan to use qualitative approach in my research project. This approach is suitable in a short period of time. This helped me to gather the data and find out the solution of the given research question. Under this approach I used different techniques to investigate the solution. 4.1 Literature review In this research project first I have planned to review the related literature in order to enhance my understanding on this area. I have planned to make literature review as the base of my research work. I studied and reviewed different articles, unpublished documents, journals and papers, books of different authors on the topic ‘Print media and electronic media. Literature is the best tool particularly in my area of research to get the optimum data within short period of time. It is an effective and cheap source for data gathering. Literature survey may provide a strong foundation for further research (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research). â€Å"‘Literature refers to all available research on this subject and ‘Literature Search refers to the process of finding the material and a ‘literature survey simply describes the literature which exists (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research). This technique produces reliable and consistent data which can be analyzed and generalized with more assurance. Thus the data achieved is easy to manage and further field work is not involved (Verma Gajendra V, Mallick, K, and Neasham , Perspectives and Techniques, 1998). I have carried out a comprehensive literature review to explore what has already been done in this area, what are the strategies that push a business towards upside. Based on the literature I have tried to produce a quality of data (Blaxter, Loraine, Hughes Christina, and Tight Malcolm, How to Research). 4.2 Informal discussion Informal discussion has been carried out for this research study. Informal discussion means no preplanned schedule and no formal layout. It can occur at any time at any stage. I conducted informal discussion with the colleagues that are doing business study or have some sort of business experience. From informal discussion I got many new ideas and new directions for this research work. 4.3 Conduct Survey Survey is an excellent and cheapest way to retrieve the data from the users. I have also planned to conduct the survey in my research work. This technique is supportive to further evaluate the results. For this purpose a questionnaire has been prepared under the light of data that I have retrieved from literature and informal discussion. Questionnaire is designed in a careful manner so that it is easy for the users to answer them. Questions are clear and close ended. There is no redundancy among the questions (Preece, J., Rogers, Y., and Sharp, H., Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction, 2002). Target users of the survey are those who are doing business study or having business experience and background. 4.4 Case study-Berlingske newspaper: Case study is a qualitative approach in which we further narrow down our research. Similarly I have planned to conduct the case study in my project. Initially I have explored such business strategies due to which print media can survive in the presence of electronic media. But further I have investigated business strategies that particularly supportive for Berlingske newspaper. Because, I have chosen Berlingske newspaper as a case study in my research work. 5 Data Collection After declination of print media there is a great pressure on newspaper and magazines companies. They are losing their business and their revenue is coming down. Marketers have changed their trend and they switch on to the digital media. They have built their own sites. To survive in digital environment print media needs to switch online and they charge for contents online as they are charging previously. But this is not successful effort as readers pay for only those contents which they cannot fine anywhere or which is hard to replicable. For its survival print media needs to adopt the following strategies. They have to focus on different ways and business techniques to enhance its revenue. 5.1 Build Deeper Relationships Leading marketers have strongly realized the power of digital media. They are expanding the boundaries of digital innovation and spending much more on own web sites, mobile applications, interactive kiosks in order to deliver more targeted contents to the consumers. The

Poetry Comparison on Wordsworths Lucy and Tennysons Dark house, by wh

Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by which once more I stand Wordsworth's and Tennyson's poems are both about someone who was close to them and is now gone. However Tennyson uses the physical surroundings to portray his emotions as well as his own reactions whereas Wordsworth's poem is less specific and less obvious about his feelings, focusing his attention on the lost person. Tennyson's poem is more about himself, "I stand, my heart, Behold me, for I cannot sleep, I creep". Because he describes his own actions, the poem is very self absorbed and the reader doesn't get to know about the person that is now gone. On the other hand, Wordsworth does focus his attention on the lost person and in fact the whole poem is about her: only at the end does he refer back to himself, "The difference to me!" Both poems use metaphors and produce vivid imagery. Wordsworth describes Lucy throughout most of the poem whereas Tennyson is focused on his own feelings and the description of the physical surroundings is used to mirror these emotions. Here, Wordsworth is describing Lucy and refers to her as being shy and unique as there were none to compare her with; the violet being a symbol for a timid personality. "A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden by the eye! Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky" Tennyson by contrast doesn't resort to metaphors to describe his friend. All Tennyson's descriptions are emotive, "Dark house, by which once more I stand Here in the long unlovely streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And ghastly through the drizzling rain On the bald street breaks the blank day." he sets the depre... ...narrative poem and more of a description then a sequence of actions like Tennyson's poem. In comparison, the basic meter in Tennyson's poem is iambic tetrameter with irregular stresses such as the two long stresses at the beginning, "Dark house," resulting in a slower and heavy atmosphere which portrays how he feels. He also uses enjambment rather then pauses at the end of each line like Wordsworth, as he is narrating his actions and again producing a gloomy effect. To conclude, the poems have their similarities but the main difference is how the emotions are portrayed -Tennyson's furtive behaviour as well as the morbid surroundings and Wordsworth's subtle description of Lucy and her life. In the end it is clear that they both feel that they have lost someone important and it has made a difference to their lives. Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by wh Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by which once more I stand Wordsworth's and Tennyson's poems are both about someone who was close to them and is now gone. However Tennyson uses the physical surroundings to portray his emotions as well as his own reactions whereas Wordsworth's poem is less specific and less obvious about his feelings, focusing his attention on the lost person. Tennyson's poem is more about himself, "I stand, my heart, Behold me, for I cannot sleep, I creep". Because he describes his own actions, the poem is very self absorbed and the reader doesn't get to know about the person that is now gone. On the other hand, Wordsworth does focus his attention on the lost person and in fact the whole poem is about her: only at the end does he refer back to himself, "The difference to me!" Both poems use metaphors and produce vivid imagery. Wordsworth describes Lucy throughout most of the poem whereas Tennyson is focused on his own feelings and the description of the physical surroundings is used to mirror these emotions. Here, Wordsworth is describing Lucy and refers to her as being shy and unique as there were none to compare her with; the violet being a symbol for a timid personality. "A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden by the eye! Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky" Tennyson by contrast doesn't resort to metaphors to describe his friend. All Tennyson's descriptions are emotive, "Dark house, by which once more I stand Here in the long unlovely streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And ghastly through the drizzling rain On the bald street breaks the blank day." he sets the depre... ...narrative poem and more of a description then a sequence of actions like Tennyson's poem. In comparison, the basic meter in Tennyson's poem is iambic tetrameter with irregular stresses such as the two long stresses at the beginning, "Dark house," resulting in a slower and heavy atmosphere which portrays how he feels. He also uses enjambment rather then pauses at the end of each line like Wordsworth, as he is narrating his actions and again producing a gloomy effect. To conclude, the poems have their similarities but the main difference is how the emotions are portrayed -Tennyson's furtive behaviour as well as the morbid surroundings and Wordsworth's subtle description of Lucy and her life. In the end it is clear that they both feel that they have lost someone important and it has made a difference to their lives.