Bonds Definition and Examples in Chemistry

In chemistry, a bond or chemical bond is a link between atoms in molecules  or compounds and between ions and molecules in crystals. A bond represents a lasting attraction between different atoms, molecules or ions. Why Bonds Form Most of bonding behavior can be explained by the attraction between two opposite electrical charge. The electrons of an atom or ion are attracted to their own positively-charged nucleus (containing protons), yet also to the nuclei of nearby atoms. Species that participate in chemical bonds are more stable when the bond is formed, typically because they had an imbalance of charge (greater or fewer number of electrons than protons) or because their valence electrons did not fill or half-fill electron orbitals. Examples of Chemical Bonds The two main types of bonds are  covalent bonds  and  ionic bonds. Covalent bonding is where atoms share electrons more or less equally between each other. In an ionic bond, an electron from one atom spends more time associated with the nucleus and electron orbitals of the other atom (essentially donated). However, pure covalent and ionic bonding is relatively rare. Usually a bond is intermediate between ionic and covalent. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared, but the electrons participating in the bond are more attracted to one atom than to the other. Another type of bonding is a metallic bond. In a metallic bond, electrons are donated to an electron sea between a group of atoms. Metallic bonding is very strong, but the fluid nature of the electrons allows for a high degree of electrical and thermal conductivity.

Developing An Information Technology Support Model For...

1. Developing an Information Technology Support Model for Higher Education Babson College was working off a basic servicer for its information technology needs. As years progressed, it was obvious the server currently used would not be adequate for what direction the college wanted to head to in the future. By upgrading the current server, departmental business functions could be updated, software programs such the Office products implemented, course offerings could be made available by different delivery methods, and employee and student access could increase making it available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Babson established an Information Technology and Services Division to oversee any issues that occur due to problems with†¦show more content†¦Regardless of which category a person may be associated with, the IT Department starts with an operation system, applies application software to a computer to perform the functions necessary, and provides the access for users to perform those functions. â€Å"Application software focuses on the work of a user or an organization† (Gallaugher). It is the IT Department’s responsibility to makes sure all these processes are working together accurately for business to continue without interruption. Based on the information provided in the readings for this week, a breakdown is provided as to an IT Department intermingles resources to get an end result. Recently, the operating system was updated at my place of employment. It sounded as if it should be an easy conversion, however, it was not. It took over a week to install the new operating system. Moving from one department to another, each area was brought online. This was a slow and tedious process as once the connecting software was installed, IT had to test various piece of information before allowing the departments access. Fortunately, Financial Aid was one of the departments listed as high priority to get online as soon as possible. This was a major conversion that is still affecting some reporting months later. This conversion also impacted the student side as access was not available during the conversion timeframe. Since moving to the new operating

Case Study Example Free Essays

There are many product categories that could use the Scion marketing approach to apply to their businesses. Music industries market certain bands and artists to appeal more towards a younger age group, computer businesses market upcoming technology to younger audiences, as do phone company ices, websites, and home dcord. Choosing a target market is imperative for businesses in order to focus their advertising to whom they believe they would sell more product to. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, the tourism industry is marketing more towards people who are in the retirement age, and cars like vans and Subs focus more on middle age people who probably have children. Different products should be marketed towards who would be most interested, and in a lot of cases, this means businesses must gear their different products towards varying age groups. L]Decoupage buyers might view companies that their parents and grandparents are interested in as â€Å"not cool† or too mainstream for their own liking. Companies can overcome this, however, by changing their consisting in order to appeal to a newer generation. By creating new advertising campaigns and changing what kind of message they want their image to convey, companies have the ability to change the views of younger people. Myself, for example, always thought Subs were for married people with children, but Scion and other comma nines like Toyota have geared commercials to appeal to people my age. Toyota had myself fooled for a long time when they were marketing the Scion, and also thought it was a new brand. People from the newer generation look for products that are going to allow them to show their personality, and not just be another face among the crowd. Scion was smart to use the whole customization aspect of the Scion, especially because people my age and younger are always changing their cars to be what they want them to be, and not be what comes off the lot. If Scion doesn’t find a way to still stay new, I do believe that the allure of having a Scion will eventually wear off. Businesses should always be ware that their target audiences are always changing, and must be on top of what it happening in the world in order to keep their businesses alive and growing. By promoting customer communications and knowing what the younger generations want in a product, Scion could possibly still keep their appeal. It is going to be hard, though. Every time I see a Scion I already think that their idea is kind of old. How to cite Case Study Example, Free Case study samples

Authentic Leadership free essay sample

Authentic leadership and Alliance project management are at the forefront of the study. The importance of soft skills such as emotional intelligence, relationship building, trust and commitment are emphasized rather than the hard core technical skills held by project managers in general. The necessity to transition from transactional and transformational leadership styles to authentic leadership style is presented in detail. The authors noted the differences in leadership approaches and skill sets that will be necessary for project managers to be successful and remain relevant in the future. . Leadership styles: Transactional, Transformational and Authentic 2. CMM (Capability maturity model): Integration of transactional and transformational leadership styles resulting in authentic leadership paradigm 3. Alliancing: Demonstrated team building and cooperation among project management professionals to achieve optimal project delivery for all not just key stakeholders 4. Authentic leadership soft skills – overall emotional intelligence as demonstrated through ethical and moral actions, integrity and clarity in words and behavior, honesty, fairness and relational development. We will write a custom essay sample on Authentic Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generational shift: Baby Boomer, Gen X and Gen Y valuation of leadership skill sets must be addressed 6. Project managers and leaders: project-based versus project-oriented 7. Implementation: Communication and engagement of all stakeholders is key The pilot study and preliminary research results concluded that there are major changes necessary for project management to evolve and remain relevant in the 21st century workplace. Authentic leadership, a CMM plan and soft skills are particularly relevant for the continuous improvement of the project management field.

Procurement and Supply

Introduction Setting the right terms and conditions is crucial for any business cooperation, whether it is procurement and supply or a short-term agreement for a single operation. The success of any activity highly depends on the preciseness of the terms and conditions upon which the partners agree. In case the relevant terms are wisely worked out both parts are likely to benefit. It is particularly important that the offered terms and conditions fix all the key points of an operation, such as time limits, quality standards, fixed pricing, and ethical policy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Procurement and Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the meanwhile, it is vital to work out the reasonable set of terms and conditions that can be equally accepted by both parts. Moreover, while working out the following set, one is particularly interested in ensuring the prevalence of the set conditions and ter ms over those of the other part. Therefore, one suggests analyzing a set of terms and conditions in the context of their capacity to prevent potential risks and difficulties. The Risks of Poor Quality One of the primary points that any terms and conditions should include is managing the quality risks. Any client is primarily interested in the goods he or she orders, while other factors are additional. The quality of a product largely determines the customer’s willingness to continue the collaboration. Therefore, a set of terms should be initially aimed at stating the standard of quality that will satisfy both the supplier and the customer. As long as the phrase â€Å"poor quality† is initially ambiguous, one is to lay a particular emphasis on the quality aspect while working out a set of terms and conditions. Thus, it seems to be reasonable to include the term â€Å"defect† in the contract so that the vague formulation â€Å"poor quality† is eliminated. O ne can describe in details the expected quality and all the discrepancies with the stated standard will be, consequently, regarded as defects. Moreover, it is important to note that the terms and conditions should essentially exclude the possibility of changing one’s requirements regarding the quality. In other words, the client cannot demand to receive a product of a higher quality than the standard that he or she initially accepted. As to suppliers, they likewise cannot change the standard quality of their products even if the transformations are claimed to be positive. Moreover, the supplier might provide a standard warrant for the customer that will guarantee that the latter will receive compensation in case he or she manages to prove the existence of the defect. It is also important to set a reasonable deadline for the following warrant the length of which depends on the character of the goods supplied. Otherwise, suppliers might have to pay for the defects that they are not responsible for – various damages that appear due to the customer’s indelicate handling or the expired service life. Thus, such companies as Menlo Systems provide their clients with a 14-day warrant along with their electronics (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.36). Another vital aspect that the terms and conditions essentially elucidate is the indication of the part that is responsible for the â€Å"poor† quality. In other words, the supplier should not be obliged to pay for the defects that are caused due to the fault of the customer, so this point is to be included in the terms and conditions as well. As long as it is highly problematic to find the part that is responsible for the defect, one suggests that the state of the good’s quality is monitored at every stage of the procurement and supply chains.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specialists note that the quality issue has three main aspects that should be necessarily enlightened in any terms and conditions: defining, ensuring and managing (Sollish and Semanik 189). On the whole, most of the standard terms and conditions cover all the three points. Hence, the primary aim of this document is to describe the quality of the provided good as detailed as possible. Such an explicit description will help to avoid the client’s claim relating to the poor quality. As to the ensuring aspect, the supplier is to take the responsibility for providing the described quality of the goods, which means that one is equally in charge of the production of the item and its delivery. The managing aspect can be handled with the help of monitoring the item’s quality at every stage of the supply chain. According to the relevant terms and conditions, the potential defects are to be fixed by the part that is responsible for the particular stage of supply . Meanwhile, the defect issue should have a thorough and precise formulation in the terms and conditions. Otherwise, the customer might want to return the product due to its wrong size or color that cannot be regarded as a defect. Thus, for example, Menlo Systems states that their warranty does not cover the minor order discrepancies such as the size and the color of the purchased product. As a consequence, their clients cannot claim for a refund, although the company can agree to perform the necessary replacement (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.41). The Risks of Extension of Time Apart from receiving a high-quality product the customer is equally interested in the timely delivery. The aspects of quality and time are closely connected; therefore, the extension of time is one of the most important issues on the terms and conditions list. The terms and conditions should, one the one side, protect the client from unwanted delays and take into account all the urgent inc idents that the supplier might face, on the other side. Specialists point out that time risks play an important role in the procurement and supply process and can cause significant financial loss in case one does not pay due regard to them (Harland and Walker 57). As a consequence, one suggests that the issue of the extension of time is formulated in the terms and conditions as precisely as possible. First of all, the terms and conditions should introduce the notions of â€Å"permissible delay† and â€Å"crucial delay† in order to differentiate the extent of the supplier’s responsibility in both cases. Thus, for example, the supplier might initially state the permissible extension of time that will take into consideration the possible unexpected incidents. The permissible extension is to be identified in accordance with the character of the supplied goods. Some specialists claim that considerable part of contracts does not include the aspects of time extension i n the terms and conditions at all. In this case, any discrepancy with the initially set deadline can lead to setting a penalty (Van der Puil and van Weele 216). One suggests that the terms and conditions enlighten all the types of potential extensions of time. Therefore, whereas the permissible delay is admitted by both the parts, in the case of crucial delays the supplier is obliged to return the money paid for the goods. Hence, for example, Menlo Systems’ terms and conditions do not include the separate point that would describe the possibility of the extension of time. It means that both the client and the supplier are obliged to act within the set deadline; the abuse of the accepted conditions will be regarded as the nonfulfillment of the contract (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.21).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Procurement and Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The R isks of Increased Costs Whereas the terms defining the time and quality issues are equally accepted by both parts, the question of cost often becomes the sticking points. The supplier’s and the customer’s interests are naturally different when dealing with the pricing aspect. A supplier is likely to insist on the pricing policy that will be most beneficial for him or her while a customer is mainly concerned about possible increased costs. One should necessarily note that the issue of increased costs is one of the most ambiguous aspects that should be included on the terms and conditions list, and the neglect of this point can lead to crucial disagreement between the supplier and the client. On the one hand, the terms and conditions are aimed at protecting a client from unregulated cost increases. On the other hand, a supplier frequently has to increase the initial cost due to the unfavorable conditions such as the growing prices of the raw materials or the delivery ser vice. Therefore, on suggests that the terms and conditions include the point of permissible rise that will equally fit the interests of both parts. Moreover, one can also state the precise time period during which the possibility of the growing prices is excluded. Specialists tend to believe that the best way to manage the following issue is to exclude the increased costs within the period of the contract validity. Thus, the terms and conditions of a short-term contract can be put more precisely and work more efficiently in comparison with the long-term agreements the terms and conditions of which can hardly be altered (Ochonma 20). Meanwhile, a supplier receives more benefits if the point of increased costs is not included on the terms and conditions list at all. In such a manner, a supplier receives the right to raise the cost of the offered products or services in accordance with the current conditions. Thus, for example, the standard terms and conditions of Menlo Systems do not have a point that would explain the increased costs issue (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.20). As a consequence, one suggests that the best way to handle the increased costs issue is to work out a short-term contract the terms and conditions of which will exclude the possibility of increased costs. Such a decision is likely to be equally beneficial for both a supplier and a customer. Thus, the latter will be thoroughly protected from extra fees during the contracts, and the supplier will receive a chance to monitor the applied pricing policy and make the necessary allowances as soon as it expires. The Risks of Unethical Practice The problem of ethical behavior in business activity is very complex and complicated. One is likely to face a series of difficulties while trying to fix the terms and conditions in a way that they are able to regulate the cases of unethical practice and actions efficiently. The major problem is that it is almost impossible to predict what th e potential unethical action will be like. Marianne Jennings notes that the worst aspect of the unethical practice is that it is often legal and, thus, can hardly be restricted (42). The legality of unethical behavior makes it difficult to include the relevant points on the terms and conditions list so that they fit both the parts. One should necessarily point out that the most challenging aspect of including such points in the contract is formulating them as precisely as possible because every minor ambiguity can turn out to do significant harm to the business relations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, one suggests that it is still possible to avoid the most typical unethical actions in case they are reasonably included on the terms and conditions list. Therefore, while working out the terms and conditions, one can include the point that obliges the supplier to warn the client of the existing drawbacks that the offered product has. The practice shows that most companies still tend to neglect the ethical points; therefore, one can hardly find the relative points in the majority of the standard terms and conditions. Thus, for example, Menlo Systems’ terms and conditions do not enlighten the issue of unethical behavior either the supplier’s or the customer’s one (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.38). Meanwhile, some specialists note that the question of unethical practice is of more significance that one might assume. The wide-spread device that implies â€Å"hidden costs† can likewise be considered as an unethical practice (Je nnings 2010). Therefore, one presumes that the best way to avoid potential unethical activity one has to be highly precise while formulating all the price and time conditions. The more detailed the relevant terms are, the fewer opportunities one has for unethical practices. The Battle of Forms As long as the terms and conditions are worked out, it is equally important that they are accepted by both parts. The â€Å"battle of the forms† concept is one of the most typical problems that appear in business practice. Whereas, theoretically, the offer and the acceptance are to coincide, the practice shows that things are often different, and the parts have to spend a lot of time on negotiations trying to come to an agreement. Thus, the single discrepancy in the two contracts might result in a client’s switching to another supplier (â€Å"Battle of the Forms† par.1). Whereas the necessity to come to an agreement seems to be beyond any doubts, each part is still interes ted in promoting its own terms and conditions. In order to ensure that any agreement is carried out under one’s own terms and conditions, one should necessarily include the relevant point on the terms and conditions list. Hence, the initially set proviso that the relevant conditions should prevail over the terms of any other contract is likely to eliminate potential problems and disagreements. However, one should necessarily point out that the relevant point on the terms and conditions list of a supplier might contradict significantly with the interests of potential clients. Therefore, it is reasonable to include the following point only on condition that the company has a large client base and is sure of the customers’ loyalty. According to the analysis of the examples of standard conditions and terms lists of different companies, one might note that most of them include the point determining the prevalence of their terms over those of their clients. Thus, for example , Menlo Systems indicate the essential condition that the supplier’s terms should be regarded as uncontestable in the case of any discrepancies with the clients’ interests and conditions (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.47). Monitoring and Management As long as the terms and conditions are accepted by the parts, it is crucial that both the supplier and the client follow them. The best way to monitor the relevant performance is to include the special point on the terms and conditions list that would determine the proper measures in case of offending the conditions of a contract. Some specialists note that the introduction of large fines is the most efficient tool for preventing the terms and conditions’ nonfulfillment (Atkin and Adrian 123). Furthermore, the terms and conditions should also enlighten the question of ending the business partnership and describe all the actions that one needs to perform in order to do that. Thus, one suggests that t he terms and conditions do not allow any part to end the cooperation unless one of the partners was informed in advance and all the extra fees were duly paid. Meanwhile, one should necessarily note that efficient monitoring is most probable in those cases when one deals with a short-term contract. In other words, one should have an opportunity to alter the terms and conditions and adjust them to the current environment. As long as the monitoring shows that some of the contract’s points work improperly, one cannot exclude them from the terms and conditions list until the contract expires. Therefore, one suggests that apart from introducing various measures of control, one should also work out the point that allows changing the initial terms and conditions upon the agreement of both the supplier and the client. The study of various companies and their terms and conditions shows that the majority of standard lists mention the measures that should be taken unless all the points o f the contract are followed. Thus, Menlo Systems suggests that any violation is to be compensated by a relevant fine regardless of the part that has carried it out (â€Å"Standard Terms and Conditions† par.50). Conclusion Therefore, setting out good terms and conditions can become a determining factor of the performance’s efficiency. The more detailed the accepted terms are, the more positive and confident both parts will feel. It is presumed that the relevant procedure should be regarded as the priority for any entrepreneur (â€Å"Setting out Good Terms and Conditions for Your Small Business† par.2). One should necessarily point out that the set of terms and condition is likely to help a supplier avoid a series of potential challenges and difficulties in case it is thoroughly worked out. Thus, for example, the analysis has shown that the most significant points that should be particularly considered are the issues of time and cost. The delays and the unexpected cost growing can lead to a crucial problem in any business relationships. Moreover, it is equally important to make sure that one’s terms and conditions will have a prevailing power over those of the other part. The majority of specialists agree upon the point that the set of terms and conditions is of primary importance for any business relationships (Wincel 21). Works Cited Atkin, Brian and Adrian Brooks. Total Facility Management, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, 2014. Print. Battle of the Forms 2002. Web. Harland, Christine, Richard Brenchley and Helen Walker. † Risk in Supply Networks.† Journal of Purchasing Supply Management 9.1 (2003): 51-62. Print. Jennings, Marianne. Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment, Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Ochonma, Ernest. Procurement and Supply Chain Management: Emerging Concepts, Strategies and Challenges, Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2015. Print. Setting out Good Terms and Conditions fo r Your Small Business 2013. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2013/feb/06/terms-and-conditions-small-business. Sollish, Fred and John Semanik. The Procurement and Supply Manager’s Desk Reference, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2012. Print. Standard Terms and Conditions 2015. Web. https://www.menlosystems.com/legals/standard-terms-and-conditions/. Van der Puil, John and Arjan van Weele. International Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects, London: World Scientific, 2013. Print. Wincel, Jeffrey. Lean Supply Chain Management: A Handbook for Strategic Procurement, New York, New York: Productivity Press, 2004. Print. This research paper on Procurement and Supply was written and submitted by user Thunderball to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dear Abby Letters for Learning English

Dear Abby Letters for Learning English This lesson plan focuses on modeling a lesson on Dear Abby, written by Abigail Van Burenin, in order to practice a wide range of English skills including reading, vocabulary extension, writing, and pronunciation. Its a fun exercise that helps students practice concepts they have learned in class and is suitable for upper intermediate to advanced level students. Introduction to Dear Abby For those of you who have never heard of Dear Abby, Dear Abby is an advice column in the United States which is syndicated in many newspapers throughout the country. People from all walks of life write in with their problems - family, financial, but mostly relationships - to ask for advice from Dear Abby. Writers usually sign the letters to Dear Abby with a descriptive phrase such as Hoping to feel better soon or Looking for an answer. Abby then replies to the letters with sound advice that is usually quite reasonable, even for very complicated situations. Why Advice Columns in Class? Using advice columns in class allows students have quite a bit of fun with some crazy - or not so crazy - situations while, at the same time, practicing some very high-level skills and integrating quite a lot of new vocabulary related to relationships, family life, etc. I have found students enjoy themselves. However, they also feel challenged as they will need to communicate in both written and spoken form. Lesson Outline Aim: Practice reading, writing, and pronunciation with special focus on giving advice Activity: Reading, then creating and finally presenting and commenting orally on advice column letters Level: Upper intermediate to advanced Outline Begin by introducing advice columns by asking students whether they have ever read an advice column. If they are unfamiliar with this term, describe a typical reader letter and advice response as most students will be familiar with this type of column.Read or show the students an example Dear Abby letter provided as an example at the bottom of this page.Split students into pairs.Visit Dear Abby online and present a few letters and responses to your student. Its best if you use a projector in class, but using one or more computers can work as well.Ask each pair to read both the reader letter and the response of different columns. Students should take note of new vocabulary and expressions to share with the rest of the class.Once students understand their advice column, have them switch partners and each partner should explain the basic problem and response of the advice letter they read.After students have worked through their readings, list new vocabulary and discuss idiomatic usage with the entire class. Have each student write their own advice column letter. Go around the room helping the students with grammar and vocabulary issues.Once everyone has written their advice column letter, quickly review the concept of stress and intonation as a means of improving pronunciation skills.Ask students to mark up their letter by underlining content words to help with pronunciation.Have each student read their advice column letter to the class. Students should then choose an Abby to provide suggestions on their issue.If students have difficulty in understanding, request that the letter in question be reread by the student to the class. Advice Column Letters Worried about Love Dear ...: I dont know what to do! My boyfriend and I have been dating for over two years, but I feel like he doesnt really love me. He rarely asks me out anymore: We dont go to restaurants, or shows. He doesnt buy me even the smallest of presents. I love him, but I think hes taking me for granted. What should I do? - Worried About Love Response Dear Worried About Love: I think its clear from your description that your boyfriend doesnt really love you. Two years is not such a long time to be dating, and the fact that he treats you like a toy he can ignore speaks volumes about his true feelings. Get out of the relationship as fast as you can! There are many more wonderful men out there who will appreciate, and treasure your love - dont waste it on an oaf who clearly has no clue as to your worth!

Barriers to Communication Essay Example for Free (#2)

Barriers to Communication Essay The communication topic that I have chosen to write about is The Barriers to Communication in the in the workplace. My focus will be on the Apple Organization as well as other organizations that have had communications issues. My interest in this topic stems from the fact that I’ve encountered many barriers to effective communication while in the work place. I understand personally how ineffective communication by all levels of an organization can lead to the decrease work morals, productivity etc. I am also interested in this topic in that as a Business Management major I would like to be as affective in my communication with the organization I will join as well as with the individuals that will comprise the company. Based on a research done In July 2011, a Maritz Poll, an annual employee attitude survey conducted by Maritz Research, reported that 25 percent of employees indicated having less trust in their management than they did the previous year. Bad communication breaks down trust. Barriers to communication in the work place can be very detrimental to the sustainability, longevity and success to the organization. There are numerous barriers that effect communication in the work place. According to skillsyouneed.com, these barriers range from nonverbal communication, lack of feedback and cultural differences. These barriers to communication may and can occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. References Barriers to effective communication. (n.d.). need.com/ips/barriers-communication.html Duggan, T. (n.d.). Communication problems in a business.